Figure 3: Illustrative intra-operative images showing steps of interlaminar endoscopic discectomy. (a) Radiofrequency probe being used to dissect the soft tissues in the interlaminar space. (b) Exposed ligamentum flavum after soft tissue dissection. (c) Cutting ligamentum flavum in layers to create an opening into the epidural space to initially visualise epidural fat/neural structures. (d) Identifying the nerve root and its lateral border. (e) Retracting the lateral border of the nerve root to visualise the disc fragment or annulus. (f) Coagulating the annulus after introducing and rotating the sheath into the spinal canal. The nerve root is now retracted medially by the flange of the endoscope sheath. (g) removing the disc fragment. (h) Decompressed nerve root after discectomy